![]() ![]() Our results indicated the aggregation of oak individuals at small spatial scales (i.e., 0-3 m) in the high stand, most likely as a result of aggregation in parts with environmentally benign conditions. We used univariate form of scale-dependent summary statistics (nearest neighbour distribution function, L-function, pair- and mark correlation functions) and Analytical Global Envelopes under inhomogeneous Poisson process which allow detection of the intraspecific interactions of the individuals within the high and coppice stands. In this study, we compared the spatial patterns of two adjacent high and coppice pure stands of Brant's oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in central part of Zagros semi-arid woodlands, western Iran. Nevertheless, overaged coppice should be replaced by new generations grown from seed since old root systems are not able to regenerate constantly.Ĭoppicing is a common management strategy in oak woodlands however, our knowledge is limited in the impacts of coppicing on spatial structure and growth dynamics of oak stands. In the context of ongoing climate change, coppice appears to be a good alternative to high forest, especially in areas where the frequency and duration of drought stress are expected to increase. The higher SF values, but similar tree growths of high forest compared to coppice show lower water use efficiency on the part of high forest. An explanation for this could be that the older root systems of coppice have reached the senescence phase of tree ontogeny. Nevertheless, the higher long-term average SF values for high forest indicate that its root system is able to explore soil better than does old coppice forest. This indicates that a larger portion of the root biomass should be concentrated closer to the soil surface in both forest types. The threshold for positive SF response was low precipitation of 5 mm in both stands. The reason for this was long-term spring drought. ![]() In 2014, although long-term average SF values were higher for high forest than for coppice, the stem increment of coppice was significantly higher. ![]() The SF reaction and SDV of high forest and coppice to different amounts of precipitation after drought as well as the recovery rate were similar for both stands. During two growing seasons (2014–2015), two adult Quercus petraea (Matt.) stands (high and coppice forest) were continuously measured for sap flow (SF), stem diameter variation (SDV) and microclimatic conditions. The main hypothesis is that the older root system of coppice provides better access to soil water, and thus coppice is able to withstand drought stress better than high forest. This work is focused on a comparison of sap flow and tree growth in adult high and overaged coppice oak forests. However, management plans should also take into account the increasing amount of nitrogen in soils from long-term continual deposition, which can strongly impact the species richness, even in national parks with low current deposition. In well-preserved protected areas, it is especially desirable to restore disappearing land-cover classes with traditional or compensatory management to retain plant species richness, which is a key factor of biodiversity. Multi-dimensional analyses revealed that the species composition was driven by the fine-scale historical land cover, the overall species richness was mostly affected by the river phenomenon and the present richness was mostly affected by increased soil nutrients. Here, we investigated two floristic surveys realised in 19, accompanied by fine-scale land-cover classes detected in 1950, 19, to reveal the impact of historical and present land cover on the pattern of species composition and species richness in the bilateral Podyjí and Thayatal National Parks. However, the specific effects of land-cover classes across whole heterogeneous landscapes are still insufficiently explored. In recent homogeneous and predominantly agricultural landscapes, land-cover and management changes are considered the main drivers of vascular plant diversity. As the human population grows, the transformation of landscapes for human uses increases.
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